diff --git a/ICHLL_Brenon.md b/ICHLL_Brenon.md index 8774acb6fddb7e4a321d32000f3e0a0b9412b5de..5e4d66451a6290e4d180a089f9c1374a319734fd 100644 --- a/ICHLL_Brenon.md +++ b/ICHLL_Brenon.md @@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ header-includes: # Abstract {-} As witnesses to scientific progress, dictionaries and encyclopedias draw much -interest from digital humanities (Roe & al. (2016), Williams (2017), Vigier & +interest from digital humanities (Roe et al. (2016), Williams (2017), Vigier et al. (2019), …), which accounts for the number of projects making them available -to the public (such as ARTFL[^ARTFL], ENCCRE[^ENCCRE], COLLEX-LGE[^LGE] and NENUFAR[^NENUFAR]) or -studying them in diachrony (such as BASNUM[^BASNUM] and GEODE[^GEODE]) +to the public (such as ARTFL[^ARTFL], ENCCRE[^ENCCRE], COLLEX-LGE[^LGE] and +NENUFAR[^NENUFAR]) or studying them in diachrony (such as BASNUM[^BASNUM] and +GEODE[^GEODE]). [^ARTFL]: [http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/](http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/) [^ENCCRE]: [http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/](http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/) @@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ mere self-doubt that their authors should not generalise to mankind, then leaves the main point to a latin quote by chancelor Bacon, who argues that a collaborative work can achieve much more than any talented man could: what could possibly not be within reach of a single man, within a single lifetime may be -achieved by a common effort throughout generations. +achieved by a common effort throughout generations (Lojkine, 2013). History hints that Diderot's opponents took his defense of the feasability of the project quite seriously, considering the fact that they got the @@ -438,15 +439,16 @@ tool for what we need is found in the `<usg/>` element used with a specific documentation encode subject indicators very similar to the ones found in encyclopedias within this element, but the match is not perfect either: all appear within one of multiple senses, as if to clarify each context in which the -word can be used, as expected from the element's name, "usage". In encyclopedias, -if the domain indicator does in certain cases help to distinguish between -several entries sharing the same headword, the concept itself has evolved beyond -this mere distinction. Looking back at the *Encyclopédie*, the adjective -*raisonné* in the rest of the title directly introduces a notion of structure -that links back to the "Systême figuré des connoissances humaines". The authors -have devised a branching system to classify all knowledge, and the occurrence at -the beginning of articles, more than a tool to clear up possible ambiguities also -points the reader to the correct place in this mind map. +word can be used, as expected from the element's name, "usage". In +encyclopedias, if the domain indicator does in certain cases help to distinguish +between several entries sharing the same headword, the concept itself has +evolved beyond this mere distinction. Looking back at the *Encyclopédie*, the +adjective *raisonné* in the rest of the title directly introduces a notion of +structure that links back to the "Systême figuré des connoissances humaines" +(Blanchard et al., 2002). The authors have devised a branching system to +classify all knowledge, and the occurrence at the beginning of articles, more +than a tool to clear up possible ambiguities also points the reader to the +correct place in this mind map. {width=200px} @@ -868,18 +870,32 @@ stop being maintained. # Conclusion {-} -- Dictionaries and encyclopedias are different -- The *dictionaries* module is inadequate -- We provide an encoding - -Despite long discussions and interesting proposals each with strong arguments both in -favour of and against them, no consensus could be reached. For one part, each -projects have specific constraints depending on the type of study it intends to -carry, the volume of text, or the condition of the physical source documents. - -Beyond the technical need for encodings generic enough to share the corpora -within the community and compare the results accross various projects, the above -results highlights one aspect of a well-known fact within the community of -lexicography: encyclopedias and dictionaries differ on several key aspects +Though they are very close genres and share a common history, we have evidenced +key aspects on which dictionaries and encyclopedias differ. Not only do entries +tend to be longer in encyclopedias, they often have a deeper structure too. +Their purpose also departs from the purpose of dictionaries from their +inception, and, as anticipated by their pioneers, results in a different form of +discourse. + +The structure of the XML-TEI *dictionaries* module reflects the assumptions made +by the eponymous genre and does not appear to be flexible enough to accomodate +encyclopedias. Forcing its use to some encyclopedic articles would breach the +semantics of some elements or require the encoder to break the rules of the +consortium's schema which we think would result in a less reusable encoding in +opposition to the FAIR principles. + +We have devised and presented an encoding scheme which fully complies with +XML-TEI while being able to represent the content of encyclopedias in all their +complexity. A first implementation of this encoding, incomplete as it may be, +demonstrates its practical usefulness. # Bibliography {-} + +- Bohbot, H., Frontini, F., Luxardo, G., Khemakhem, M. & Romary, L. (2018). Presenting the Nénufar Project: a Diachronic Digital Edition of the Petit Larousse Illustré. *GLOBALEX2018 - Globalex workshop at LREC2018, May 2018, Miyazaki, Japan.* +- Jacquet-Pfau, C. (2015). Élaboration et destinée d’une encyclopédie à la fin du XIXe siècle: les trente-et-un volumes de La Grande Encyclopédie. Inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres et des arts par une Société de savants et de gens de lettres (1885-1902). In *Éla, Études de linguistique appliquée 177* (pp. 85-100). +- Roe, G., Gladstone, C. & Morrissey, R. (2016). Discourses and Disciplines in the Enlightenment: Topic Modeling the French Encyclopédie. In *Frontiers in Digital Humanities 2* +- Vigier, D., Moncla, L., Joliveau, T., Mcdonough K. & Brenon. A. (2019). GeoDISCO: Encyclopedic Geographical Discourse in France from the Enlightenment to Wikipedia. In *GIR'19, 13th International Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval*, Nov 2019, Lyon, France. +- Williams, G. (2017). Mapping a dictionary: Using Atlas ti and XML to analyse a late XVIIth century dictionary. In *RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 7* (pp. 161-180), june 2017. ISSN 2384-8987. [http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/ricognizioni/article/download/2104/2024](http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/ricognizioni/article/download/2104/2024) +- Blanchard, G. & Olsen, M. (2002). Le système de renvoi dans l’Encyclopédie: Une cartographie des structures de connaissances au XVIIIe siècle. In *Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie.* [http://journals.openedition.org/rde/122](http://journals.openedition.org/rde/122) +- Lojkine, S. (2013). « Et l'auteur anonyme n'est pas un lâche… » Diderot, l'engagement sans le nom. In *Littératures classiques, 80*, (pp. 249-263). [https://doi.org/10.3917/licla.080.0249](https://doi.org/10.3917/licla.080.0249) +- Moureau, F. (2001). *Le Roman vrai de l’Encyclopédie*. Paris, Gallimard. (pp. 124-129).