diff --git a/ICHLL_Brenon.md b/ICHLL_Brenon.md
index 7a811fe92ffe4eb8552196929dcc53415f04cc59..8164604dd2cc4640d0f796533e0c868ae01fbfed 100644
--- a/ICHLL_Brenon.md
+++ b/ICHLL_Brenon.md
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
---
title: The specificities of encoding encyclopedias:Â towards a new standard ?
-author: Alice \textsc{Brenon} \textsuperscript{1,2,*}
+author: Alice [Brenon]{.smallcaps} ^1,2^
+institute:
+ - ICAR, CNRS, UMR5191, 69342
+ - Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, LIRIS, UMR5205, F-69621
numbersections: True
documentclass: article
classoptions:
- english
- a4paper
- - 11pt
+ - 12pt
header-includes:
- \usepackage{times}
- \usepackage{textalpha}
@@ -21,29 +24,26 @@ header-includes:
\begin{center}
{\small \textsuperscript{1} ICAR, CNRS, UMR5191, 69342}\\
{\small \textsuperscript{2} Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, LIRIS, UMR5205, F-69621}\\
-
\end{center}
-# Abstract {-}
-
-As witnesses to scientific progress, dictionaries and encyclopedias draw much
-interest from digital humanities, which accounts for the number of projects
-making them available to the public or studying them. However, the volume of
-data involved issues a technical challenge to the digitizing process required
-for the study of historical dictionaries.
-
-The goal of project DISCO-LGE was to study a late-19^th^
-century encyclopedia, "La Grande Encyclopédie". Working from an OCRised version
-in XML-ALTO, we devised an encoding scheme suitable for an automatic tool to
-represent and structure the text of encyclopedias. XML-TEI, a major standard,
-includes a specialised module for dictionaries we hoped to be able to build on,
-but systematic traversal of the schema using graph search methods revealed some
-limitations when used to encode our corpus.
-
-We describe these shortcomings and identify the fundamental differences that
-prevent encoding encyclopedias with the XML-TEI module for dictionaries. We then
-propose alternative encodings for encyclopedias while discussing their
-advantages and drawbacks, including a fully XML-TEI-compliant scheme.
+**Abstract** As witnesses to scientific progress, dictionaries and encyclopedias
+draw much interest from digital humanities, which accounts for the number of
+projects making them available to the public or studying them. However, the
+volume of data involved issues a technical challenge to the digitizing process
+required for the study of historical dictionaries. The goal of project DISCO-LGE
+was to study a late-19^th^ century encyclopedia, "La Grande Encyclopédie",
+working from an OCRised version in XML-ALTO up to an encoding suitable for an
+automatic tool to represent and structure the text of encyclopedias. XML-TEI, a
+major standard, includes a specialised module for dictionaries which was
+identified as a good candidate to build on, but systematic traversal of the
+schema using graph search methods revealed some limitations when used to encode
+this text. These shortcomings are described which leads to the identification of
+the fundamental differences that prevent encoding encyclopedias with the XML-TEI
+module for dictionaries. Alternative encodings for encyclopedias including a
+fully XML-TEI-compliant scheme are then proposed along with a discussion of
+their advantages and drawbacks. .
+
+**Keywords** digital humanities, XML-TEI, dictionaries, encyclopedias
# Dictionaries and encyclopedias
@@ -56,32 +56,31 @@ dictionaries.
## Context of the project
-CollEx-Persée project DISCO-LGE[^LGE] set out to study *La Grande Encyclopédie,
-Inventaire raisonné des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts par une Société de
-savants et de gens de lettres*, an encyclopedia published in France between 1885
-and 1902 by an organised team of over two hundred specialists divided into
-eleven sections. This text comprises 31 tomes of about 1200 pages each and
-according to @jacquet-pfau2015 was the last major french encyclopedic endeavour
-directly inheriting from the prestigious ancestor that was the *Encyclopédie ou
-Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers* published by Diderot
-and d'Alembert 130 years earlier, between 1751 and 1772.
-
-[^LGE]: [https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/](https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/)
+CollEx-Persée project DISCO-LGE
+([https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/](https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/))
+set out to study *La Grande Encyclopédie, Inventaire raisonné des Sciences, des
+Lettres et des Arts par une Société de savants et de gens de lettres*, an
+encyclopedia published in France between 1885 and 1902 by an organised team of
+over two hundred specialists divided into eleven sections. This text comprises
+31 tomes of about 1200 pages each and according to @jacquet-pfau2015 [, pp. 88 et
+seq.] was the last major french encyclopedic endeavour directly inheriting from
+the prestigious ancestor that was the *Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des
+sciences des arts et des métiers* published by Diderot and d'Alembert 130 years
+earlier, between 1751 and 1772.
The aim of the project was to digitise and make *La Grande Encyclopédie*
available to the scientific community as well as the general public. A previous
-version of this encyclopedia was partially available on Gallica[^Gallica] but
-lacked in quality and its text had not been fully extracted from the pictures
-with an Optical Characters Recognition (OCR) system. This prevented an
+version of this encyclopedia was partially available on Gallica
+([https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22](https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22))
+but lacked in quality and its text had not been fully extracted from the
+pictures with an Optical Characters Recognition (OCR) system. This prevented an
exhaustive study of the text with textometry tools such as TXM [@heiden2010]. As
-a prelude to project GEODE[^GEODE], the goal of CollEx-Persée was to produce a
-digital version of *La Grande Encyclopédie* with a quality comparable to the one
-of l'*Encyclopédie* provided by the ARTFL[^ARTFL] project in order to conduct
-a diachronic study of both encyclopedias.
-
-[^Gallica]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22](https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22)
-[^GEODE]: [https://geode-project.github.io/](https://geode-project.github.io/)
-[^ARTFL]: [http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/](http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/)
+a prelude to project GEODE
+([https://geode-project.github.io/](https://geode-project.github.io/)), the goal
+of CollEx-Persée was to produce a digital version of *La Grande Encyclopédie*
+with a quality comparable to the one of l'*Encyclopédie* provided by the ARTFL
+([http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/](http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/))
+project in order to conduct a diachronic study of both encyclopedias.
## "Encyclopedia"
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ The attacks do not remain ignored by Diderot who starts the very definition of
the word "Encyclopédie" in the *Encyclopédie* itself by a strong rebuttal. He
directly dismisses the concerns expressed in the *Dictionnaire de Trevoux* as
mere self-doubt that their authors should not generalise to anyone, then leaves
-the main point to a latin quote by chancelor Bacon [@lojkine2013], who argues
+the main point to a latin quote by chancelor Bacon [@lojkine2013, p. 5], who argues
that a collaborative work can achieve much more than any talented man could:
what could possibly not be within reach of a single man, within a single
lifetime may be achieved by a common effort throughout generations.
@@ -202,7 +201,8 @@ explore this module in detail.
Data produced in the context of a project such as DISCO-LGE cannot be useful to
future scientific projects unless it is *interoperable* and *reusable*. These
-are the two last key aspects of the FAIR[^FAIR] principles (*findability*,
+are the two last key aspects of the FAIR
+([https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/](https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/)) principles (*findability*,
*accessibility*, *interoperability* and *reusability*) which we strive to follow
as a guideline for efficient and quality research. It entails using standard
formats and a standard for encoding historical texts in the context of digital
@@ -210,37 +210,35 @@ humanities is XML-TEI, collectively developped by the *Text Encoding Initiative*
consortium which publishes a set of technical specifications under the form of
XML schemas, along with a range of tools to handle them and training resources.
-[^FAIR]: [https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/](https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/)
-
The *dictionaries* module has been leveraged to encode dictionaries in projects
-NENUFAR[^NENUFAR] and BASNUM[^BASNUM] to encode respectively the *Petit Larousse
-Illustré* published by Pierre Larousse in 1905 [@bohbot2018], roughly
-contemporary to our target encyclopedia and the *Dictionnaire Universel* by
-Furetière, or rather its second edition edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval, an
-encyclopedic dictionary from the very early 18^th^ century [@williams2017].
-These successes made it a good starting point for our own encoding but the
-former does not have the encyclopedic dimension our corpus has and the latter is
-a much older text which had a tremendous influence on the european encyclopedic
-effort of the 18^th^ century but is not as clearly separated from the
-dictionaric stem as *La Grande Encyclopédie* is. For these reasons, we could not
-directly reuse the encoding schemes used in these projects and had to explore
-the XML-TEI schema systematically to devise our own.
-
-[^NENUFAR]: [https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar](https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar)
-[^BASNUM]: [https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003](https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003)
+NENUFAR
+([https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar](https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar))
+and BASNUM
+([https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003](https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003))
+to encode respectively the *Petit Larousse Illustré* published by Pierre
+Larousse in 1905 [@bohbot2018, p. 1], roughly contemporary to our target encyclopedia
+and the *Dictionnaire Universel* by Furetière, or rather its second edition
+edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval, an encyclopedic dictionary from the very
+early 18^th^ century [@williams2017, p. 1]. These successes made it a good starting
+point for our own encoding but the former does not have the encyclopedic
+dimension our corpus has and the latter is a much older text which had a
+tremendous influence on the european encyclopedic effort of the 18^th^ century
+but is not as clearly separated from the dictionaric stem as *La Grande
+Encyclopédie* is. For these reasons, we could not directly reuse the encoding
+schemes used in these projects and had to explore the XML-TEI schema
+systematically to devise our own.
In this chapter, we need to name and manipulate XML elements. We choose to
represent them in a monospace font, in the standard XML autoclosing form within
angle brackets and with a slash following the element name like `<div/>` for a
-`div`[^div] element. We do not mean by this notation that they cannot contain
+`div` element
+([https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-div.html](https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-div.html)). We do not mean by this notation that they cannot contain
raw text or other XML elements, merely that we are referring to such an element,
with all the subtree that spans from it in the context of a concrete document
instance or as an empty structure when we are considering the abstract element
and the rules that govern its use in relation to other elements or its
attributes.
-[^div]: [https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-div.html](https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-div.html)
-
## A graph problem
The XML-TEI specification contains 590 elements, which are each documented on
@@ -259,7 +257,7 @@ document. Figure @fig:dictionaries-subgraph, by using this transformation to
display the *dictionaries* module, hints at the overall complexity of the whole
specification.
-{#fig:dictionaries-subgraph}
+{height=830px #fig:dictionaries-subgraph}
### Definitions {-}
@@ -484,13 +482,13 @@ between several entries sharing the same headword, the concept itself has
evolved beyond this mere distinction. Looking back at the *Encyclopédie*, the
adjective *raisonné* in the rest of the title directly introduces a notion of
structure that links back to the "Systême figuré des connoissances humaines"
-[@blanchard2002] which schematic structure is shown in Figure
+[@blanchard2002, p. 1] which schematic structure is shown in Figure
@fig:systeme-figure. The authors have devised a branching system to classify all
knowledge, and the occurrence at the beginning of articles, more than a tool to
clear up possible ambiguities also points the reader to the correct place in
this mind map.
-{width=300px #fig:systeme-figure}
+)](ressources/arbre.png){width=300px #fig:systeme-figure}
The situation regarding subject indicators is hardly better outside of the
module. The `<domain/>` element despite its name belongs exclusively in the
@@ -521,7 +519,7 @@ of a person, describing their relation to events and other persons comes out
even further from the notion of meaning. Entries such as the one about SANJO
Sanetomi (see Figure @fig:sanjo) do not constitute a *definition*.
-{#fig:sanjo}
+)](ressources/sanjo_t29.png){#fig:sanjo}
Moreover, encyclopedias, because of all that they have inherited from the
philosophical Enlightenment, are not only spaces designed to assert, they also
@@ -530,7 +528,7 @@ basis required to understand the complexity of an issue and invite the reader to
consider it without providing a definitive answer, going as far as to explicitly
use question marks as in the article "Action" displayed in Figure @fig:action.
-{#fig:action}
+)](ressources/action_t1.png){#fig:action}
In this extract, the author devises a hypothetical situation to illustrate how
difficult it is to draw the line between two supposedly mutually exclusive
@@ -554,7 +552,7 @@ thus span several dozens of pages. They can contain substructures with titles on
at least three levels (for instance, a `a)` under a `1)` under a `I.`), each of
which are in turn generally developed over several paragraphs.
-{#fig:europe}
+)](ressources/europe_t16.png){#fig:europe}
The nested structure that we have just evidenced demands of course a nesting
structure to accomodate it. More precisely it guides our search of XML elements
@@ -657,7 +655,7 @@ which is well-enough equiped to handle them. In order to present our scheme
throughout the following section we will be progressively encoding a reference
article, "Cathète" from tome 9 reproduced in Figure @fig:cathete-photo.
-{#fig:cathete-photo}
+)](ressources/cathète_t9.png){#fig:cathete-photo}
### The scheme {-}
@@ -730,7 +728,7 @@ Some articles such as "Boumerang" have figures with captions, as illustrated by
Figure @fig:boumerang-photo, which should be encoded the standard way by
`<figure/>` and `<figDesc/>` as in Figure @fig:boumerang-xml.
-{height=300px #fig:boumerang-photo}
+)](ressources/boumerang_t7.png){height=300px #fig:boumerang-photo}
{#fig:boumerang-xml}
@@ -746,7 +744,7 @@ sole purpose of placing an `<xr/>` but we advocate against it on account of the
verbosity it would add to the encoding and the fact that it implicitly suggests
that the previous context was not the one of a dictionary.
-{#fig:gelocus-photo}
+)](ressources/gelocus_t18.png){#fig:gelocus-photo}
{#fig:gelocus-xml}
@@ -766,14 +764,15 @@ beginning of a new page. The usual appropriate elements (`<pb/>` for page
beginning, `<cb/>` for column beginning) may and should be used with our
encoding scheme as demonstrated by Figure @fig:alcala-xml.
-{width=350px #fig:alcala-photo}
+)](ressources/last_page_top_left_t1.png){width=350px #fig:alcala-photo}
{#fig:alcala-xml}
### Currently implemented {-}
The reference implementation for this encoding scheme is the program
-soprano[^soprano] developed within the scope of project DISCO-LGE to
+soprano
+([https://gitlab.huma-num.fr/disco-lge/soprano](https://gitlab.huma-num.fr/disco-lge/soprano)) developed within the scope of project DISCO-LGE to
automatically identify individual articles in the flow of raw text from the
columns and to encode them into XML-TEI files. Though this software has already
been used to produce the first TEI version of *La Grande Encyclopédie*, it does
@@ -781,8 +780,6 @@ not yet follow the above specification perfectly. Figure
@fig:cathete-xml-current shows the encoded version of article "Cathète" it
currently produces:
-[^soprano]: [https://gitlab.huma-num.fr/disco-lge/soprano](https://gitlab.huma-num.fr/disco-lge/soprano)
-
{#fig:cathete-xml-current}
The headword detection system is not able to capture the subject indicators yet
@@ -904,10 +901,8 @@ to accomodate nested structures with the `<div/>` element. This would also have
the advantage of recovering the `<usg/>` and `<xr/>` elements which we have
recognised as useful and which we lose as part of the tradeoff to get nested
sections. Generating customised TEI schemas is made really easy with tools like
-ROMA[^ROMA], which we used to preview our change and suggest it to the TEI
-community.
-
-[^ROMA]: [https://roma.tei-c.org/](https://roma.tei-c.org/)
+ROMA ([https://roma.tei-c.org/](https://roma.tei-c.org/)), which we used to
+preview our change and suggest it to the TEI community.
Despite it not getting a wide adhesion, some suggested it could be used locally
within the scope of project DISCO-LGE. However we chose not to do so, partially
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