diff --git a/ICHLL_Brenon.md b/ICHLL_Brenon.md index 39a5c610e3cbe38725fd2c1396360ea6a6aee67e..8aabd33e55b75d489bbfa31fe7ed2f1f4e3e7558 100644 --- a/ICHLL_Brenon.md +++ b/ICHLL_Brenon.md @@ -15,63 +15,72 @@ header-includes: # Abstract {-} As witnesses to scientific progress, dictionaries and encyclopedias draw much -interest from digital humanities (Roe et al. (2016), Williams (2017), Vigier et -al. (2019), …), which accounts for the number of projects making them available -to the public (such as ARTFL[^ARTFL], ENCCRE[^ENCCRE], COLLEX-LGE[^LGE] and -NENUFAR[^NENUFAR]) or studying them in diachrony (such as BASNUM[^BASNUM] and -GEODE[^GEODE]). - -[^ARTFL]: [http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/](http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/) -[^ENCCRE]: [http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/](http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/) -[^LGE]: [https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/](https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/) -[^NENUFAR]: [https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar](https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar) -[^BASNUM]: [https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003](https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003) -[^GEODE]: [https://geode-project.github.io/](https://geode-project.github.io/) - -The volume of data involved issues a technical challenge to the digitizing -process required for the study of historical dictionaries. XML-TEI, a major -standard, includes a specialised module for dictionaries but it has shown some -limitations when used to encode «La Grande Encyclopédie», a late-19th century -encyclopedia (Jacquet-Pfau (2015)) from an OCRised version in XML-ALTO. - -We describe those limitations and identify the fundamental differences that +interest from digital humanities, which accounts for the number of projects +making them available to the public or studying them. However, the volume of +data involved issues a technical challenge to the digitizing process required +for the study of historical dictionaries. + +The goal of project DISCO-LGE was to study a late-19^th^ +century encyclopedia, "La Grande Encyclopédie". Working from an OCRised version +in XML-ALTO, we devised an encoding scheme suitable for an automatic tool to +represent and structure the text of encyclopedias. XML-TEI, a major standard, +includes a specialised module for dictionaries we hoped to be able to build on, +but systematic traversal of the schema using graph search methods revealed some +limitations when used to encode our corpus. + +We describe these shortcomings and identify the fundamental differences that prevent encoding encyclopedias with the XML-TEI module for dictionaries. We then propose alternative encodings for encyclopedias while discussing their -advantages and drawbacks, including a fully XML-TEI-compliant scheme suitable -for automated processes. - +advantages and drawbacks, including a fully XML-TEI-compliant scheme. # Dictionaries and encyclopedias -After emerging from dictionaries during the 18\textsuperscript{th} century, -encyclopedias became a fertile subgenre in themselves and a rich subject of -study to digital humanities for their particular relation to knowledge and its -evolution. - -CollEx-Persée project DISCO-LGE[^LGE] set out to study *La Grande -Encyclopédie, Inventaire raisonné des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts par une -Société de savants et de gens de lettres* and was published between 1885 and -1902 by an organised team of over two hundred specialists divided into eleven -sections. Its aim was to digitise and make *La Grande Encyclopédie* available to -the scientific community as well as the general public. A previous version of -this encyclopedia was partially available on Gallica[^Gallica] but lacked in -quality and its text had not been fully extracted from the pictures with an -Optical Characters Recognition (OCR) system. +After emerging from dictionaries during the 18^th^ century, encyclopedias became +a fertile subgenre in themselves and a rich subject of study to digital +humanities for their particular relation to knowledge and its evolution. In this +section we will describe the goal of our project, then look at the origin of the +term "encyclopedia" itself before comparing the approaches of encyclopedias and +dictionaries. + +## Context of the project + +CollEx-Persée project DISCO-LGE[^LGE] set out to study *La Grande Encyclopédie, +Inventaire raisonné des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts par une Société de +savants et de gens de lettres*, an encyclopedia published in France between 1885 +and 1902 by an organised team of over two hundred specialists divided into +eleven sections. This text comprises 31 tomes of about 1200 pages each and +according to @jacquet-pfau2015 was the last major french encyclopedic endeavour +directly inheriting from the prestigious ancestor that was the *Encyclopédie ou +Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers* published by Diderot +and d'Alembert 130 years earlier, between 1751 and 1772. + +[^LGE]: [https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/](https://www.collexpersee.eu/projet/disco-lge/) + +The aim of the project was to digitise and make *La Grande Encyclopédie* +available to the scientific community as well as the general public. A previous +version of this encyclopedia was partially available on Gallica[^Gallica] but +lacked in quality and its text had not been fully extracted from the pictures +with an Optical Characters Recognition (OCR) system. This prevented an +exhaustive study of the text with textometry tools such as TXM [@heiden2010]. As +a prelude to project GEODE[^GEODE], the goal of CollEx-Persée was to produce a +digital version of *La Grande Encyclopédie* with a quality comparable to the one +of l'*Encyclopédie* provided by the ARTFL[^ARTFL] project in order to conduct +a diachronic study of both encyclopedias. [^Gallica]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22](https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&collapsing=disabled&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb377013071%22) +[^GEODE]: [https://geode-project.github.io/](https://geode-project.github.io/) +[^ARTFL]: [http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/](http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/) ## "Encyclopedia" In common parlance, the terms "dictionaries" and "encyclopedias" are used as near synonyms to refer to books compiling vast amounts of knowledge into lists of definitions ordered alphabetically. Their similarity is even visible in the -way they are coordinated in the full title of the *Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire -raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers* published by Diderot and -d'Alembert between 1751 and 1772 and which is probably the most famous work of -the genre and a symbol of the Age of Enlightenment. If the word "encyclopedia" -is nowadays part of our vocabulary, it was much more unusual and in fact -controversial when Diderot and d'Alembert decided to use it in the title of -their book. +way they are coordinated in the full title of the *Encyclopédie* which is +probably the most famous work of the genre and a symbol of the Age of +Enlightenment. If the word "encyclopedia" is nowadays part of our vocabulary, it +was much more unusual and in fact controversial when Diderot and d'Alembert +decided to use it in the title of their book. The definition given by Furetière in his *Dictionnaire Universel* in 1690 is still close to its greek etymology: a "ring of all knowledges", from *κÏκλος*, @@ -85,7 +94,7 @@ hubris: "C'est une témérité à un homme de vouloir posséder l'Encyclopédie" ("it is a recklessness for a man to want to possess Encyclopedia"). Beyond this moral reproach, the concept that pleased Rabelais was somewhat dated -at the end of the 17\textsuperscript{th} century and attacked in the +at the end of the 17^th^ century and attacked in the *Dictionnaire Universel François et Latin*, commonly refered to as the *Dictionnaire de Trevoux*, as utterly "burlesque" ("parodic"). The entry for "Encyclopédie" remained unchanged in the four editons issued between 1721 and @@ -105,27 +114,27 @@ against the philosophers of the Enlightenment. The attacks do not remain ignored by Diderot who starts the very definition of the word "Encyclopédie" in the *Encyclopédie* itself by a strong rebuttal. He directly dismisses the concerns expressed in the *Dictionnaire de Trevoux* as -mere self-doubt that their authors should not generalise to mankind, then leaves -the main point to a latin quote by chancelor Bacon, who argues that a -collaborative work can achieve much more than any talented man could: what could -possibly not be within reach of a single man, within a single lifetime may be -achieved by a common effort throughout generations (Lojkine, 2013). +mere self-doubt that their authors should not generalise to anyone, then leaves +the main point to a latin quote by chancelor Bacon [@lojkine2013], who argues +that a collaborative work can achieve much more than any talented man could: +what could possibly not be within reach of a single man, within a single +lifetime may be achieved by a common effort throughout generations. History hints that Diderot's opponents took his defence of the feasability of the project quite seriously, considering the fact that they got the *Encyclopédie*'s privileges to be revoked again six years after its publication -was resumed. As a consequence, the remaining ten volumes containing the text of -the articles had to be published illegally until 1765, thanks to the secret -protection of Malesherbes who — despite being head of royal censorship — saved -the manuscripts from destruction. They were printed secretly outside of Paris -and the books were (falsely) labeled as coming from Neufchâtel. Following the -high demand from the booksellers who feared they would lose the money they had -invested in the project, a special privilege was issued for the volumes -containing the plates, which were released publicly from 1762 to 1772. +was resumed [@moureau2001]. As a consequence, the remaining ten volumes +containing the text of the articles had to be published illegally until 1765, +thanks to the secret protection of Malesherbes who — despite being head of royal +censorship — saved the manuscripts from destruction. They were printed secretly +outside of Paris and the books were (falsely) labeled as coming from Neufchâtel. +Following the high demand from the booksellers who feared they would lose the +money they had invested in the project, a special privilege was issued for the +volumes containing the plates, which were released publicly from 1762 to 1772. In any case, in their last edition in 1771 the authors of the *Dictionnaire de Trevoux* had no choice but to acknowledge the success of the encyclopedic -projects of the 18\textsuperscript{th} century. In this version, the definition +projects of the 18^th^ century. In this version, the definition was entirely reworked, mildly stating that good encyclopedias are difficult to make because of the amount of knowledge necessary and work needed to keep up with scientific progress instead of calling the effort a parody. It credits @@ -169,24 +178,46 @@ departing from them in terms of purpose. # The *dictionaries* TEI module +The XML-TEI standard has a modular structure consisting of optional parts each +covering specific needs such as the physical features of a source document, the +transcription of oral corpora or particular requirements for textual domains +like poetry, or, in our case, dictionaries. After describing why the dedicated +module was a natural candidate to meet our needs, we formalise tools from +graph theory to browse the specifications of this standard in a rational way and +explore this module in detail. + +## A good starting point + Data produced in the context of a project such as DISCO-LGE cannot be useful to -future other scientific projects unless it is *interoperable* and *reusable*. -These are the two last key aspects of the FAIR[^FAIR] principles (*findability*, +future scientific projects unless it is *interoperable* and *reusable*. These +are the two last key aspects of the FAIR[^FAIR] principles (*findability*, *accessibility*, *interoperability* and *reusability*) which we strive to follow as a guideline for efficient and quality research. It entails using standard formats and a standard for encoding historical texts in the context of digital humanities is XML-TEI, collectively developped by the *Text Encoding Initiative* -consortium. It publishes a set of technical specifications under the form of +consortium which publishes a set of technical specifications under the form of XML schemas, along with a range of tools to handle them and training resources. [^FAIR]: [https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/](https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/) -The XML-TEI standard has a modular structure consisting of optional parts each -covering specific needs such as the physical features of a source document, the -transcription of oral corpora or particular requirements for textual domains -like poetry, or, in our case, dictionaries. +The *dictionaries* module has been leveraged to encode dictionaries in projects +NENUFAR[^NENUFAR] and BASNUM[^BASNUM] to encode respectively the *Petit Larousse +Illustré* published by Pierre Larousse in 1905 [@bohbot2018], roughly +contemporary to our target encyclopedia and the *Dictionnaire Universel* by +Furetière, or rather its second edition edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval, an +encyclopedic dictionary from the very early 18^th^ century [@williams2017]. +These successes made it a good starting point for our own encoding but the +former does not have the encyclopedic dimension our corpus has and the latter is +a much older text which had a tremendous influence on the european encyclopedic +effort of the 18^th^ century but is not as clearly separated from the +dictionaric stem as *La Grande Encyclopédie* is. For these reasons, we could not +directly reuse the encoding schemes used in these projects and had to explore +the XML-TEI schema systematically to devise our own. + +[^NENUFAR]: [https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar](https://cahier.hypotheses.org/nenufar) +[^BASNUM]: [https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003](https://anr.fr/Projet-ANR-18-CE38-0003) -In what follows, we need to name and manipulate XML elements. We choose to +In this chapter, we need to name and manipulate XML elements. We choose to represent them in a monospace font, in the standard XML autoclosing form within angle brackets and with a slash following the element name like `<div/>` for a `div`[^div] element. We do not mean by this notation that they cannot contain @@ -223,7 +254,7 @@ specification. By iterating several times the operation of moving on that graph along one edge, that is, by considering the transitive closure of the relation "be connected by an edge" we define *inclusion paths* which allow us to explore which elements -may be nested under one another. +may be nested under which other. The nodes visited along the way represent the intermediate XML elements to construct a valid XML tree according to the TEI schema. Given the top-down @@ -244,13 +275,13 @@ that it admits an inclusion cycle of length two. ### Applications {-} -Using classical, well-known methods such as Dijkstra's algorithm (Dijkstra, 1959) +Using classical, well-known methods such as Dijkstra's algorithm [@dijkstra59] allows us to explore the shortest inclusion paths that exist between elements. Though a particular caution should be applied because there is no guarantee that the shortest path is meaningful in general, it at least provides us with an efficient way to check whether a given element may or not be nested at all under -another one and gives an order of magnitude on the length of the path to expect. -Of course the accuracy of this heuristic decreases as the length of the elements +another one and gives a lower bound on the length of the path to expect. Of +course the accuracy of this heuristic decreases as the length of the elements increases in the perfect graph representing the intended, meaningful path between two nodes that a human specialist of the TEI framework could build. @@ -311,18 +342,17 @@ understand the inner workings of the XML-TEI schema. Once a block for an article is created, it may contain elements useful to represent various of its features. Its written and spoken forms are usually encoded by `<form/>` elements. Grammatical information like the `<case/>`, -`<gen/>` (previously mentioned) or `<number/>` and `<pers/>` can be contained -within a `<gramGrp/>`, along with information about the categories it belongs to -like `<iType/>` for its inflection class in languages with a declension system -or `<pos/>` for its part-of-speech. The `<etym/>` element is made to hold the -etymology of an entry. In the case when there are alternative spellings in -varieties of the language or if the spelling has changed over time, `<usg/>` -can be used. - -All these are examples and by no means an exhaustive list; the complete set -provides the encoder with a toolbox to describe all the information related to -the form the entry is found at and seems general enough to accomodate the -structure of any book indexing entries by words. +`<gen/>` or `<number/>` and `<pers/>` can be contained within a `<gramGrp/>`, +along with information about the categories it belongs to like `<iType/>` for +its inflection class in languages with a declension system or `<pos/>` for its +part-of-speech. The `<etym/>` element is made to hold the etymology of an entry. +In the case when there are alternative spellings in varieties of the language or +if the spelling has changed over time, `<usg/>` can be used. + +All these examples are by no means an exhaustive list; the complete set provides +the encoder with a toolbox to describe all the information related to the form +the entry is found at and seems general enough to accomodate the structure of +any book indexing entries by words. ### Cross-references {-} @@ -330,9 +360,9 @@ A common feature shared by dictionaries and encyclopedias is the ability to connect entries together by using a word or short phrase as the link, referring the reader to the related concept. This is known as cross-references and can appear either when the definition of a term is adjacent to another one or to -catch alternative spellings where some readers might expect the word to appear -and redirect them to the form chosen as the reference. In XML-TEI, this is done -with the `<xr/>` element. It usually contains the whole phrase performing the +catch alternative spellings where some readers might expect to find the word and +redirect them to the form chosen as the reference. In XML-TEI, this is done with +the `<xr/>` element. It usually contains the whole phrase performing the redirection, with an imperative locution like "please see […]". The "active" part of the cross-reference, that is the very word within the @@ -408,7 +438,9 @@ articles in particular, we identify structures which are specific to encyclopedias and not compatible with the *dictionaries* module presented above. We hence conclude that this module is not able to encode arbitrary encyclopedic content and propose a new fully TEI-compliant encoding scheme remaining outside -of it. +of it. We proceed with remarks about the needs of automated encoding processes +and compare our proposal with other strategies to overcome the issues previously +identified with the dedicated module for dictionaries. ## Idiosynchrasies of encyclopedias @@ -440,7 +472,7 @@ between several entries sharing the same headword, the concept itself has evolved beyond this mere distinction. Looking back at the *Encyclopédie*, the adjective *raisonné* in the rest of the title directly introduces a notion of structure that links back to the "Systême figuré des connoissances humaines" -(Blanchard et al., 2002) which schematic structure is shown in Figure +[@blanchard2002] which schematic structure is shown in Figure @fig:systeme-figure. The authors have devised a branching system to classify all knowledge, and the occurrence at the beginning of articles, more than a tool to clear up possible ambiguities also points the reader to the correct place in @@ -516,9 +548,9 @@ The nested structure that we have just evidenced demands of course a nesting structure to accomodate it. More precisely it guides our search of XML elements by giving us several constraints: we are looking for a pair of elements, the first representing a (sub)section must be able to include both itself and the -second element, which does not have any special constraint in addition to the one -it shares with the first, which is to have a semantics compatible with our -purpose. In addition, the first element must be able to contain several `<p/>` +second element, which does not have any special constraint except the one to +have a semantics compatible with our purpose of using it to represent section +titles. In addition, the first element must be able to contain several `<p/>` elements, `<p/>` being the reference element to encode paragraphs according to the XML-TEI documentation. @@ -624,7 +656,7 @@ attribute on it with the head word of the entry — unique in the whole corpus, made so by suffixing a number representing its rank among the various occurrences, even when there's only one for the sake of regularity — as its value, normalised to lowercase, stripping spaces and replacing all -non-alphanumerical characters by a dash `'-'` to avoid issues with the XML +non-alphanumerical characters by a dash (`'-'`) to avoid issues with the XML encoding. Figure @fig:cathete-xml-0 illustrates this choice for the container element on the article "Cathète" previously displayed. @@ -633,10 +665,10 @@ element on the article "Cathète" previously displayed. Inside this element should be a `<head/>` enclosing the headword of the article. The usual sub-`<hi/>` elements are available within `<head/>` if the headword is highlighted by any special typographic means such as bold, small capitals, etc. -The one disappointment of the encoding scheme we are currently defining is the -lack of support for a proper way to encode subject indicators. +The one disappointment of the encoding scheme we are defining in this chapter is +the lack of support for a proper way to encode subject indicators. -The best candidate we have found so far was `<ùsg/>` from the *dictionaries* +The best candidate we have found so far was `<usg/>` from the *dictionaries* module but it is not available directly under a `<head/>` element. All inclusion paths from the latter to the former of length less than or equal to 3 contain irrelevant elements (`<cit/>`, `<figure/>`, `<castList/>` and `<nym/>`) so it @@ -695,7 +727,7 @@ Another issue arising from giving up on `<entry/>` is the unavailability of the is useful to represent cross-references occurring in encyclopedias as well as in dictionaries, for example in article "Gelocus" (see Figure @fig:gelocus-photo). We prefer to use the `<ref/>` element instead which is available in the context -of a `<p/>`. Its `target` attribute should be set to the `xml:id` of the +of a `<p/>`. Its `target` attribute should be set to the `xml:id` of the article it points to, prefixed with a `'#'` as shown in Figure @fig:gelocus-xml. Another solution would have been to introduce a `<dictScrap/>` element for the sole purpose of placing an `<xr/>` but we advocate against it on account of the @@ -706,7 +738,7 @@ that the previous context was not the one of a dictionary. {#fig:gelocus-xml} -But a typical page of an encyclopedia also features peritext elements, giving +A typical page of an encyclopedia also features peritext elements, giving information to the reader about the current page number along with the headwords of the first and last articles appearing on the page. Those can be encoded by `<fw/>` elements ("forme work") which `place` and `type` attributes should be @@ -773,12 +805,11 @@ over 74k articles and *La Grande Encyclopédie* certainly more than 100k (the la version produced by `soprano` created 160k articles, but their segmentation is still not perfect and if some article beginning remain undetected, all the very long and deeply-structured articles are unduly split into many parts, resulting -globally in an overestimation of the total number). In any case, it consists of -31 tomes of 1200 pages each. +globally in an overestimation of the total number). XML-TEI is a very broad tool useful for very different applications. Some elements like `<unclear/>` or `<factuality/>` can encode subtle semantics -information (for the second case, adjacent to a notion as elusive as truth) +information (for the second one, adjacent to a notion as elusive as truth) which requires a very deep understanding of a text in its entirety and about which even some human experts may disagree. @@ -800,7 +831,8 @@ Encyclopédie*, virtually all the redirections (that is, to the extent of our knowledge, absolutely all of them though of course some special case may exist, but they are statistically rare enough that we have not found any yet) appear within parenthesis, and start with the verb "voir" abbreviated as a single, -capital "V." as illustrated above in the article "Gelocus". +capital "V." as illustrated above in the article "Gelocus" (see again Figure +@fig:gelocus-photo). Although this has not been implemented yet either, we hope to be able to detect and exploit those patterns to correctly encode cross-references. Getting the @@ -820,13 +852,13 @@ instance the empty elements already discussed above. For articles, it pushes lines onto a stack and flushes it each time it encounters the beginning of the following article. This allows the amount of memory required to remain reasonable and even lets them be parallelised on most modern machines. Thus, -even taking over three minutes per tome, the total processing time can be lowered to -around forty minutes for the whole of *La Grande Encyclopédie* instead of over one hour -and a half. +even taking over three minutes per tome, the total processing time can be +lowered to around forty minutes on a machine with 16Go of RAM for the whole of +*La Grande Encyclopédie* instead of over one hour and a half. ## Comparison to other approaches -The above section about the structure of the *dictionaries* module and the +The previous section about the structure of the *dictionaries* module and the features found in encyclopedias follows quite closely our own journey trying to encode first manually then by automatic means the articles of our corpus. This back and forth between trying to find patterns in the graph which reflects the patterns @@ -842,12 +874,9 @@ consider that their inclusion properties is part of what defines them, and hence justifies their ways in creative ways not directly recommended by the TEI specifications. -This is the approach followed by project BASNUM[^BASNUM] which studies and -provides a XML-TEI encoding of the *Dictionnaire Universel* by Furetière, or -rather its second edition edited by Basnage, an encyclopedic dictionary from the -very early 18\textsuperscript{th} century. In the articles encoded for this -project, `<note/>` elements are nested and used to structure the encyclopedic -developments that occur in the articles. +This is the approach followed by project BASNUM[^BASNUM]. In the articles +encoded for this project, `<note/>` elements are nested and used to structure +the encyclopedic developments that occur in the articles. We have chosen not to follow the same path in the name of the FAIR principles to avoid the emergence of a custom usage differing from the documented one. @@ -906,11 +935,4 @@ of the Université de Lyon, for its financial support within the French program # Bibliography {-} -- Bohbot, H., Frontini, F., Luxardo, G., Khemakhem, M. & Romary, L. (2018). Presenting the Nénufar Project: a Diachronic Digital Edition of the Petit Larousse Illustré. *GLOBALEX2018 - Globalex workshop at LREC2018, May 2018, Miyazaki, Japan.* -- Jacquet-Pfau, C. (2015). Élaboration et destinée d’une encyclopédie à la fin du XIXe siècle: les trente-et-un volumes de La Grande Encyclopédie. Inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres et des arts par une Société de savants et de gens de lettres (1885-1902). In *Éla, Études de linguistique appliquée 177* (pp. 85-100). -- Roe, G., Gladstone, C. & Morrissey, R. (2016). Discourses and Disciplines in the Enlightenment: Topic Modeling the French Encyclopédie. In *Frontiers in Digital Humanities 2* -- Vigier, D., Moncla, L., Joliveau, T., Mcdonough K. & Brenon. A. (2019). GeoDISCO: Encyclopedic Geographical Discourse in France from the Enlightenment to Wikipedia. In *GIR'19, 13th International Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval*, Nov 2019, Lyon, France. -- Williams, G. (2017). Mapping a dictionary: Using Atlas ti and XML to analyse a late XVIIth century dictionary. In *RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 7* (pp. 161-180), june 2017. ISSN 2384-8987. [http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/ricognizioni/article/download/2104/2024](http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/ricognizioni/article/download/2104/2024) -- Blanchard, G. & Olsen, M. (2002). Le système de renvoi dans l’Encyclopédie: Une cartographie des structures de connaissances au XVIIIe siècle. In *Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie.* [http://journals.openedition.org/rde/122](http://journals.openedition.org/rde/122) -- Lojkine, S. (2013). « Et l'auteur anonyme n'est pas un lâche… » Diderot, l'engagement sans le nom. In *Littératures classiques, 80*, (pp. 249-263). [https://doi.org/10.3917/licla.080.0249](https://doi.org/10.3917/licla.080.0249) -- Moureau, F. (2001). *Le Roman vrai de l’Encyclopédie*. Paris, Gallimard. (pp. 124-129). +\bibliography{biblio} diff --git a/feedback.txt b/feedback.txt index 5c319857d621bd070c65c4f821bc35940f6a3371..fb7ea3b7f6106562f4e8bc474d5ff10967171e67 100644 --- a/feedback.txt +++ b/feedback.txt @@ -5,28 +5,28 @@ oConsistently use British English spelling. Title oDo not capitalize important words in title, except for proper names or when it is generally required. --Provide academic affiliation under the name of author(s). --Avoid e-mail address here. --Delete topic and keywords, as they are not required at this stage. +oProvide academic affiliation under the name of author(s). +oAvoid e-mail address here. +oDelete topic and keywords, as they are not required at this stage. General remarks --Consistently call your work ‘this chapter’. +oConsistently call your work ‘this chapter’. oNumber sections with one digit (1., 2., etc.), and subsections with two digits (1.1, 1.2, etc.). Do not use sub-sub sections (2.1.1, 2.1.2, etc.). Do not use sub-sub-sub sections (2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, etc.). --Use bold face for sections and subsections. Do not indent. +?Use bold face for sections and subsections. Do not indent. oRevise section numbering to avoid empty sub-sections, such as 2.1. oDo not use bulleted lists. Write a paragraph instead. --Use 1cm indentation for the first line in all paragraphs except the first line of the (sub)section. --Revise the text. Avoid gaps and repetitions like “to future other scientific projectsâ€. +oUse 1cm indentation for the first line in all paragraphs except the first line of the (sub)section. +!Revise the text. Avoid gaps and repetitions like “to future other scientific projectsâ€. Abstract --The abstract must include the aim of the research, a brief description of the method and an overview of the conclusions. --Avoid references in abstract. --Avoid abstract notes. Include full name of projects and cite them in the Reference section if necessary. +oThe abstract must include the aim of the research, a brief description of the method and an overview of the conclusions. +oAvoid references in abstract. +oAvoid abstract notes. Include full name of projects and cite them in the Reference section if necessary. Body --Explain how your aims are relevant for and contribute to the topic of the first part of the book: Lexical databases and language processing in digital historical lexicography. --Explain clearly in what respect your method departs from previous approaches and improves them. --It would be of help that a brief introduction to each section gave an overview of the contents of the following sub-sections. +oExplain how your aims are relevant for and contribute to the topic of the first part of the book: Lexical databases and language processing in digital historical lexicography. +oExplain clearly in what respect your method departs from previous approaches and improves them. +oIt would be of help that a brief introduction to each section gave an overview of the contents of the following sub-sections. oNumber figures. Refer to them in text as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc. Describe briefly the figures by explicitly referring to the number of the figure in question. oExtract must be considered figures. oAttributes like [cid:image001.png@01D86623.7C6238D0] must be considered figures. @@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ oUse figure captions consistently. Format -Avoid double blank spaces and revise punctuation. -Avoid double blank lines between paragraphs. --Do not place notes under the tables. Use footnotes. --Justify the text both on the left and the right. +?Do not place notes under the tables. Use footnotes. +oJustify the text both on the left and the right. References --Do not present references as bulleted paragraphs. --Check the reference list. --Sort the reference list alphabetically, by author’s surname. +oDo not present references as bulleted paragraphs. +oCheck the reference list. +oSort the reference list alphabetically, by author’s surname. oIf the research has been funded through a grant, insert an Acknowledgement section before the references.