diff --git a/obs-en.bbl b/obs-en.bbl
deleted file mode 100644
index 5805428ca90b61f29d82a45cdcea6c8ae5eca99a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/obs-en.bbl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-\begin{thebibliography}{17}
-\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi
-\providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
-\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}
-\providecommand{\path}[1]{#1}
-\providecommand{\DOIprefix}{doi:}
-\providecommand{\ArXivprefix}{arXiv:}
-\providecommand{\URLprefix}{URL: }
-\providecommand{\Pubmedprefix}{pmid:}
-\providecommand{\doi}[1]{\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\path{#1}}}
-\providecommand{\Pubmed}[1]{\href{pmid:#1}{\path{#1}}}
-\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}
-\ifx\xfnm\relax \def\xfnm[#1]{\unskip,\space#1}\fi
-%Type = Phdthesis
-\bibitem[{Guien(2019)}]{guien_obsolescences_2019}
-\bibinfo{author}{J.~Guien}, \bibinfo{title}{Obsolescences : philosophie des
- techniques et histoire économique à l'épreuve de la réduction de la
- durée de vie des objets}, \bibinfo{type}{These de doctorat}, Paris 1,
- \bibinfo{year}{2019}. \URLprefix \url{http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H207}.
-%Type = Book
-\bibitem[{Guien(2021)}]{jeanne_guien_consumerisme_2021}
-\bibinfo{author}{J.~Guien}, \bibinfo{title}{Le consumérisme à travers ses
- objets}, \bibinfo{publisher}{Editions Divergences}, \bibinfo{year}{2021}.
- \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.editionsdivergences.com/livre/le-consumerisme-a-travers-ses-objets}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Guien(2020)}]{guien_quest-ce_2020}
-\bibinfo{author}{J.~Guien},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Qu’est-ce que l’obsolescence ?},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{La Vie des idées} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).
- \URLprefix \url{https://laviedesidees.fr/Qu-est-ce-que-l-obsolescence.html},
- \bibinfo{note}{publisher: La Vie des idées}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Freitag et~al.(2021)Freitag, Berners-Lee, Widdicks, Knowles, Blair,
- and Friday}]{freitag_real_2021}
-\bibinfo{author}{C.~Freitag}, \bibinfo{author}{M.~Berners-Lee},
- \bibinfo{author}{K.~Widdicks}, \bibinfo{author}{B.~Knowles},
- \bibinfo{author}{G.~S. Blair}, \bibinfo{author}{A.~Friday},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{The real climate and transformative impact of {ICT}:
- {A} critique of estimates, trends, and regulations},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Patterns} \bibinfo{volume}{2}
- (\bibinfo{year}{2021}) \bibinfo{pages}{100340}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389921001884}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1016/j.patter.2021.100340}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Sandborn(2008)}]{sandborn_software_2008}
-\bibinfo{author}{P.~Sandborn},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Software {Obsolescence}: {Complicating} the {Part}
- and {Technology} {Obsolescence} {Management} {Problem}},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Components and Packaging Technologies, IEEE
- Transactions on} \bibinfo{volume}{30} (\bibinfo{year}{2008})
- \bibinfo{pages}{886--888}. \URLprefix
- \url{http://escml.umd.edu/Papers/IEEE_SoftwareObs.pdf}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1109/TCAPT.2007.910918}.
-%Type = Incollection
-\bibitem[{Bartels et~al.(2012)Bartels, Ermel, Sandborn, and
- Pecht}]{bartels_software_2012}
-\bibinfo{author}{Bartels}, \bibinfo{author}{Ermel}, \bibinfo{author}{Sandborn},
- \bibinfo{author}{Pecht},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Software {Obsolescence}},
-\newblock in: \bibinfo{booktitle}{Strategies to the {Prediction}, {Mitigation}
- and {Management} of {Product} {Obsolescence}}, \bibinfo{publisher}{John Wiley
- \& Sons, Ltd}, \bibinfo{year}{2012}, pp. \bibinfo{pages}{143--155}.
- \URLprefix
- \url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118275474.ch6}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1002/9781118275474.ch6}, \bibinfo{note}{section: 6
- \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118275474.ch6}.
-%Type = Techreport
-\bibitem[{Castellazzi et~al.(2021)Castellazzi, Moatti, Flury-Hérard, and
- Schwob}]{Castellazzi_obsolescence_2021}
-\bibinfo{author}{M.~Castellazzi}, \bibinfo{author}{A.~Moatti},
- \bibinfo{author}{B.~Flury-Hérard}, \bibinfo{author}{B.~Schwob},
- \bibinfo{title}{Obsolescence logicielle}, \bibinfo{type}{Technical Report}
- \bibinfo{number}{013416-01}, Conseil Général de l'Environnement et du
- Développement Durable (CGEDD), \bibinfo{year}{2021}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.vie-publique.fr/rapport/280293-obsolescence-logicielle}.
-%Type = Techreport
-\bibitem[{Arcep(2021)}]{arcep_renouvellement_2021}
-\bibinfo{author}{Arcep}, \bibinfo{title}{Renouvellement des terminaux mobiles
- et pratiques commerciales de distribution}, \bibinfo{type}{Technical Report}
- \bibinfo{number}{2258-3106}, Arcep, \bibinfo{year}{2021}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.economie.gouv.fr/files/files/2021/20210709_Rapport_Renouvellement_terminaux_mobiles_pratiques_commerciales.pdf}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Magnier and Mugge(2022)}]{magnier_replaced_2022}
-\bibinfo{author}{L.~Magnier}, \bibinfo{author}{R.~Mugge},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Replaced too soon? {An} exploration of {Western}
- {European} consumers’ replacement of electronic products},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Resources, Conservation and Recycling}
- \bibinfo{volume}{185} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}) \bibinfo{pages}{106448}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106448}.
-%Type = Inproceedings
-\bibitem[{Mosesso et~al.(2023)Mosesso, Maudet, Nano, Thibault, and
- Tabard}]{mosesso_obsolescence_2023}
-\bibinfo{author}{L.~Mosesso}, \bibinfo{author}{N.~Maudet},
- \bibinfo{author}{E.~Nano}, \bibinfo{author}{T.~Thibault},
- \bibinfo{author}{A.~Tabard},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Obsolescence {Paths}: living with aging devices},
-\newblock \bibinfo{year}{2023}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://hal.science/hal-04097867}.
-%Type = Book
-\bibitem[{{Xu Lizhi} et~al.(2015){Xu Lizhi}, {Jenny Chan}, and
- {Yang}}]{xu_lizhi_machine_2015}
-\bibinfo{author}{{Xu Lizhi}}, \bibinfo{author}{{Jenny Chan}},
- \bibinfo{author}{{Yang}}, \bibinfo{title}{La machine est ton seigneur et ton
- maître}, \bibinfo{publisher}{Agone}, \bibinfo{year}{2015}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://agone.org/livres/la-machine-est-ton-seigneur-et-ton-maitre}.
-%Type = Book
-\bibitem[{Casilli(2019)}]{antonio_a_casilli_en_2019}
-\bibinfo{author}{A.~A. Casilli}, \bibinfo{title}{En attendant les robots -
- {Enquête} sur le travail du clic}, \bibinfo{publisher}{Editions Seuil},
- \bibinfo{year}{2019}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.seuil.com/ouvrage/en-attendant-les-robots-antonio-a-casilli/9782021401882}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Gonzalez-Barahona et~al.(2009)Gonzalez-Barahona, Robles, Michlmayr,
- Amor, and German}]{gonzalez-barahona_macro-level_2009}
-\bibinfo{author}{J.~M. Gonzalez-Barahona}, \bibinfo{author}{G.~Robles},
- \bibinfo{author}{M.~Michlmayr}, \bibinfo{author}{J.~J. Amor},
- \bibinfo{author}{D.~M. German},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Macro-level software evolution: a case study of a
- large software compilation},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Empirical Software Engineering}
- \bibinfo{volume}{14} (\bibinfo{year}{2009}) \bibinfo{pages}{262--285}.
- \bibinfo{note}{Publisher: Springer}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Mateos-Garcia and
- Steinmueller(2008)}]{mateos-garcia_institutions_2008}
-\bibinfo{author}{J.~Mateos-Garcia}, \bibinfo{author}{W.~E. Steinmueller},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{The institutions of open source software: {Examining}
- the {Debian} community},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Information Economics and Policy}
- \bibinfo{volume}{20} (\bibinfo{year}{2008}) \bibinfo{pages}{333--344}.
- \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624508000346}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.001}.
-%Type = Article
-\bibitem[{Schoonmaker(2012)}]{schoonmaker_hacking_2012}
-\bibinfo{author}{S.~Schoonmaker},
-\newblock \bibinfo{title}{{HACKING} {THE} {GLOBAL}: {Constructing} markets and
- commons through free software},
-\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{Information, Communication \& Society}
- \bibinfo{volume}{15} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}) \bibinfo{pages}{502--518}.
- \URLprefix
- \url{https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254296649_HACKING_THE_GLOBAL}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.1080/1369118X.2012.665938}.
-%Type = Misc
-\bibitem[{Coleman(2005)}]{coleman_three_2005}
-\bibinfo{author}{E.~G. Coleman}, \bibinfo{title}{Three {Ethical} {Moments} in
- {Debian}}, \bibinfo{year}{2005}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=805287}.
- \DOIprefix\doi{10.2139/ssrn.805287}.
-%Type = Misc
-\bibitem[{Bagope and Guerra(2021)}]{luisa_bagope_nodes_2021}
-\bibinfo{author}{L.~Bagope}, \bibinfo{author}{M.~Guerra}, \bibinfo{title}{Nodes
- that bond workbook}, \bibinfo{year}{2021}. \URLprefix
- \url{https://portalsemporteiras.github.io/en/assets/documentos/workbook-nodes-that-bond.pdf}.
-
-\end{thebibliography}
diff --git a/obs-en.bib b/obs-en.bib
index 990156277dbd81f175920080d5d919ff4e5b7140..d741a21a15f8584ff6906002ec29e0516fa2dc71 100644
--- a/obs-en.bib
+++ b/obs-en.bib
@@ -3904,8 +3904,6 @@ Publisher: ENS Paris-Saclay},
author = {Bartels and Ermel and Sandborn and Pecht},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1002/9781118275474.ch6},
- note = {Section: 6
-\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118275474.ch6},
keywords = {software compatibility obsolescence mechanism, software distribution obsolescence mechanism, software infrastructure obsolescence mechanism, software purchasing obsolescence, software support, eda-lecture},
pages = {143--155},
}
diff --git a/obs-en.blg b/obs-en.blg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fc8c00a16c23461884a1ade67ff8f2c365dde21..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/obs-en.blg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2022/Debian)
-Capacity: max_strings=200000, hash_size=200000, hash_prime=170003
-The top-level auxiliary file: obs-en.aux
-The style file: elsarticle-num-names.bst
-Database file #1: obs-en.bib
-Reallocated singl_function (elt_size=4) to 100 items from 50.
-Warning--empty booktitle in mosesso_obsolescence_2023
-Warning--empty pages in mosesso_obsolescence_2023
-You've used 17 entries,
- 2918 wiz_defined-function locations,
- 742 strings with 9270 characters,
-and the built_in function-call counts, 10147 in all, are:
-= -- 772
-> -- 371
-< -- 14
-+ -- 144
-- -- 123
-* -- 1147
-:= -- 1471
-add.period$ -- 40
-call.type$ -- 17
-change.case$ -- 124
-chr.to.int$ -- 17
-cite$ -- 19
-duplicate$ -- 783
-empty$ -- 763
-format.name$ -- 164
-if$ -- 1897
-int.to.chr$ -- 1
-int.to.str$ -- 1
-missing$ -- 150
-newline$ -- 84
-num.names$ -- 68
-pop$ -- 270
-preamble$ -- 1
-purify$ -- 126
-quote$ -- 0
-skip$ -- 208
-stack$ -- 0
-substring$ -- 382
-swap$ -- 531
-text.length$ -- 3
-text.prefix$ -- 0
-top$ -- 0
-type$ -- 144
-warning$ -- 2
-while$ -- 64
-width$ -- 0
-write$ -- 246
-(There were 2 warnings)
diff --git a/obs-en.pdf b/obs-en.pdf
index 41b0b03365e27ef538364992168aac94f427446c..ea1924bb73eb9c4740e3703ae249eafda842f454 100644
Binary files a/obs-en.pdf and b/obs-en.pdf differ
diff --git a/obs-en.tex b/obs-en.tex
index 36d39562f331656c245221d3f90178a52f4936ec..3938fd1df6e017d0accd308e90b550d03175328c 100644
--- a/obs-en.tex
+++ b/obs-en.tex
@@ -1,33 +1,15 @@
-%% twocolumn : Two column layout.
-%% hf: enable header and footer.
-\documentclass[
-% twocolumn,
-% hf,
-]{ceurart}
-
-%% One can fix some overfulls
+\documentclass[]{ceurart}
\sloppy
-
-%%
-%% Minted listings support
-%% Need pygment <http://pygments.org/> <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pygments>
\usepackage{listings}
-%% auto break lines
\lstset{breaklines=true}
-%%
-%% end of the preamble, start of the body of the document source.
\begin{document}
-%%
-%% Rights management information.
-%% CC-BY is default license.
\copyrightyear{2023}
\copyrightclause{Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0
International (CC BY 4.0).}
-%%
-%% This command is for the conference information
+
\conference{In:
B. Combemale, G. Mussbacher, S. Betz, A. Friday, I. Hadar, J. Sallou,
I. Groher, H. Muccini, O. Le Meur, C. Herglotz, E. Eriksson,
@@ -36,13 +18,8 @@ ICT4S 2023 Doctoral Symposium, Demonstrations \& Posters Track and
Workshops. Co-located with ICT4S 2023. Rennes, France, June 05-09,
2023.}
-%%
-%% The "title" command
\title{Digital obsolescence}
-%%
-%% The "author" command and its associated commands are used to define
-%% the authors and their affiliations.
\author[1]{Edlira Nano}[
orcid=0000-0003-2166-5231,
email=eda@mutu.net,
@@ -52,9 +29,6 @@ url=https://eda.mutu.net,
2, LIRIS, Limites numériques project, UMR5205, F-69622,
Villeurbanne, France}
-%%
-%% The abstract is a short summary of the work to be presented in the
-%% article.
\begin{abstract}
Within a framework of study of the ecological impact of digital
technology, this PhD project aims at understanding and analysing
@@ -65,10 +39,10 @@ environmental obsolescence.
The study will first focus on smartphones, whose rapid pace of
development and replacement allows a better characterisation of digital
obsolescence. The second object of our study is digital obsolescence
-within Debian, a widespread established operational system based on the Linux
-kernel, maintained by a large community that organises itself in a non
-profit organisation, following the principles of open source code,
-collaboration, free distribution and sharing for everyone.
+within Debian, a widespread established operational system based on
+the Linux kernel, maintained by a large community that organises
+itself in a non profit organisation, following the principles of open
+source code, collaboration, free distribution and sharing for everyone.
Finally, the study will dive into some alternative community
networks that profoundly question existing technologies and are shaped
and built with the central idea of care for ourselves, for each-other
@@ -76,9 +50,6 @@ and for the environment.
\end{abstract}
-%%
-%% Keywords. The author(s) should pick words that accurately describe
-%% the work being presented. Separate the keywords with commas.
\begin{keywords}
digital obsolescence \sep
environmental digital impact \sep
@@ -93,17 +64,16 @@ and for the environment.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, height=7cm]{images/P2230133.JPG}
-%\caption{Personal picture of street art in Marseille, France, 2020.}
\end{center}
\section{Research context and motivation}
-%% situation
+
This PhD thesis began in January 2023 at the Unviversité Lyon 1 in
France, department of Computer Science, under the supervision of
Aurélien Tabard\footnote{https://tabard.fr/}, within the \emph{Limites
Numériques}\footnote{https://limitesnumeriques.fr/} team.
-%% Context and motivation that drives your dissertation research
+
\emph{Limites Numériques} is a research project on the
environmental footprint of digital technologies that explores design
choices, uses and functions of digital technology within planetary
@@ -131,17 +101,17 @@ In her PhD thesis in 2019, called \emph{Obsolescence : the philosophy
of technology and economic history regarding the shortening of
objects’ lifespans}\cite{guien_obsolescences_2019}\footnote{Guien has
also published a book from her thesis called \emph{Consumerism through
-its objects\cite{jeanne_guien_consumerisme_2021}}}, Jeanne Guien goes through the history
-of some common everyday consumer goods such as smartphones, plastic
-glasses, paper tissues, deodorisers. She shows how, far from
-having been practised in secret, obsolescence of goods has been
-publicly promoted, and continues to be, as a source of progress,
-prosperity, equality or emancipation. For Guien, the systematic
-renewal of objects has been erected as a sign, a source, and even the
-essence of their value\cite{guien_quest-ce_2020}. To Guien, this helps
-clarify the role that obsolescence and waste play in Western
-economies, and allows to question the limits of current sustainability
-policies.
+its objects\cite{jeanne_guien_consumerisme_2021}}}, Jeanne Guien goes
+through the history of some common everyday consumer goods such as
+smartphones, plastic glasses, paper tissues, deodorisers. She shows
+how, far from having been practised in secret, obsolescence of goods
+has been publicly promoted, and continues to be, as a source of
+progress, prosperity, equality or emancipation. For Guien, the
+systematic renewal of objects has been erected as a sign, a source,
+and even the essence of their value\cite{guien_quest-ce_2020}. To
+Guien, this helps clarify the role that obsolescence and waste play in
+Western economies, and allows to question the limits of current
+sustainability policies.
As for digital technologies, while their environmental impact is
steadily growing\cite{freitag_real_2021}, few studies analyse all the
@@ -153,7 +123,8 @@ information systems in an industrial, military or professional context
focusing on solutions to maintain and not on the reasons behind. In
France, debate and public policies on digital obsolescence
historically focused on hidden planned obsolescence. A French 2021
-parliamentary report on software obsolescence \cite{Castellazzi_obsolescence_2021}, defines digital
+parliamentary report on software obsolescence
+\cite{Castellazzi_obsolescence_2021}, defines digital
obsolescence as a special case of technical obsolescence, as the loss
of use or value resulting from a purely and solely technical evolution.
@@ -170,17 +141,17 @@ obsolescence.
\section{Research goals and questions}
The study will first focus on two digital objects:
\begin{itemize}
- \item smartphones on one hand, that hold a rapid growth and
- significant obsolescence issues, fuelled by economic discourses and
- marketing policies based on promotion of technology ``innovation'', of
- design-related features or trends, accompanied by a strong and
- rapid change in usage patterns;
- \item the Debian operating system on the other hand, as a
- lasting well established operating system since 1993, that seems to
- address issues of sustainability and longevity in a different way,
- away from economic and mercantile traditional digital
- markets, more focused on durability, stability, maintenance,
- collaboration, sharing of code and knowledge.
+\item smartphones on one hand, that hold a rapid growth and
+ significant obsolescence issues, fuelled by economic discourses and
+ marketing policies based on promotion of technology
+ ``innovation'', of design-related features or trends, accompanied
+ by a strong and rapid change in usage patterns;
+\item the Debian operating system on the other hand, as a
+ lasting well established operating system since 1993, that seems to
+ address issues of sustainability and longevity in a different way,
+ away from economic and mercantile traditional digital
+ markets, more focused on durability, stability, maintenance,
+ collaboration, sharing of code and knowledge.
\end{itemize}
Finally, the study will dive into alternative ways of
building technologies through examples of community networks that
@@ -191,34 +162,17 @@ one-selves, of each-other and of the environment.
\subsection{Digital obsolescence through smartphones}
-%% The environmental and human footprint of ICT end-user devices, during
-%% manufacturing, usage and waste disposal phases, has been characterized
-%% by different aspects. Let us mention some of them:
-%% \begin{itemize}
-%% \item CO2 emissions,
-%% \item energy, water and material consumption,
-%% \item impacts on biodiversity,
-%% \item impacts on human populations and their living territories
-%% (migration, starvation, poverty, dewatering, soil and water
-%% pollutions)
-%% \item impact on human lives and health issues,
-%% \item on human social discrimination and oppressions,
-%% \item on conflicts and geopolitical tensions between countries,
-%% \item etc.
-%% \end{itemize}
-
-%Smartphones are directly involved in most of these issues.
-
-As the environmental impact of ICT grows\cite{freitag_real_2021}, smartphones
-continue to spread wider, to be used more, and to be renewed very
-frequently, while being highly tied to digital physical and software
-infrastructures (networks, datacenters, servers, software platforms). In France in
-2019, the average age of smartphones in use was estimated at 32 months
-in 2021\cite{arcep_renouvellement_2021}, while a recent study on
-European consumers estimates smartphone renewal after 43 months of
-use\cite{magnier_replaced_2022}.
-
-\subsubsection{Technical obsolescence and technology promotion narratives}
+As the environmental impact of ICT grows\cite{freitag_real_2021},
+smartphones continue to spread wider, to be used more, and to be
+renewed very frequently, while being highly tied to digital physical
+and software infrastructures (networks, datacenters, servers, software
+platforms). In France in 2019, the average age of smartphones in use
+was estimated at 32 months in 2021\cite{arcep_renouvellement_2021},
+while a recent study on European consumers estimates smartphone
+renewal after 43 months of use\cite{magnier_replaced_2022}.
+
+\subsubsection{Technical obsolescence and technology promotion
+ narratives}
The market of smartphones offers and promotes new model
devices at unrivalled frequent rates. At the same time, there is a
@@ -298,7 +252,6 @@ easier mobility. By analysing the history of their economical
promotion and spread, we can see how SoCs have accompanied the
rapid renewal and disposable aspect of smartphone devices.
-
We think that SoCs are likely to be at the chunter of software and
hardware obsolescence in smartphones by reducing hardware flexibility,
making repair and parts replacement far more complicated on the
@@ -323,10 +276,6 @@ to understand how these FOSS initiatives and Fairphone circumvent
no-longer maintained firmware, and develop their own code to offer
further OS maintenance for old to very old devices.
-%see \href{https://lwn.net/Articles/829733/}{Article} about SoC
-%maintenance issues in the Linux kernel, last accessed on April 24,
-%2023.
-
\subsubsection{Background services that cause obsolescence}
At the OS and applications level, smartphones are often equipped
@@ -429,47 +378,8 @@ technical adaptation to modern uses, but in reality the path towards
unlimited data flows and perpetual smartphone connectivity was already
traced for users before the advent and spread of 5G technology.
-This thesis will try to analyse the obsolescence behind the historically induced connectivity in smartphones.
-
-%% \bigskip
-%% \textbf{Disposable obsolescent data}
-
-%% The proliferation of sensors and connectivity in smartphones produces, collects
-%% and constantly circulates data that is either never used before
-%% disposal (when the phone is not actively used), used only once before
-%% being disposed of (streaming data, metrics data) or not requested by
-%% the user (personal data collection, advertisement data,
-%% unsolicited notifications). Data around smartphones appears to be of a
-%% highly disposable nature.
-
-%% \bigskip
-%% \textbf{Sensors}
-
-%% Another connectivity level of smartphones is due to the huge number of
-%% sensors that they are equiped with. The list of usual smartphone
-%% sensors is impressive: bluetooth, microphone, touchscreen sensor,
-%% pedometer, accelerometer (used in fitness trackers, snapchat),
-%% gyroscope (for screen orientation), magnetometer
-%% (for mapping apps), Global Positioning System (connecting to satellites,
-%% used in mapping apps), biometric sensors (fingerprint or facial),
-%% proximity sensor (switches off screen when phone is near the ear),
-%% ambient light sensor (adjusts screen luminosity), heart rate sensor,
-%% thermometer (device and ambient temperature), infrared sensor
-%% (in-display facial recognition), Soli sensor (a radar module that
-%% detects movement near and above the phone), light scanning sensor
-%% (judges depth and maps rooms in iPhone Pro), barometer (detects
-%% altitude and wheather changes). These various sensors collect data and
-%% perform computations based on them all the time, whether the
-%% smartphone is being actively in use or not.
-
-%% Smartphones are also equiped with several connectivity hardware
-%% technologies such as: Bluetooth, cellular connection (from 2 to 5G
-%% networks), NFC for Near Field Communication (used for payments), WiFi
-%% connection, infrared connection, all of which are usually located on
-%% the System on Chip (SoC) integrated circuit. These connectivity
-%% possibilities are often on by default, if not explicitely shut, and
-%% regularly and invisibly transfer data.
-
+This thesis will try to analyse the obsolescence behind the
+historically induced connectivity in smartphones.
\subsubsection{The experience of obsolescence: human and
social obsolescence}
@@ -581,7 +491,6 @@ stability, durability or retro-compatibility.
\subsection{Alternative technologies: building community networks
based on care}
-%alternatives (memes sur internet, initiatives sociales indé ..)
Lastly, during this PhD thesis I would like to study some community
networks across the world, usually in areas lacking network
infrastructure, or where the existing one does not match community
@@ -591,15 +500,16 @@ criteria. Let us take some examples:
The \emph{Nodes that bond} project is a rural women community project in
Brazil. Created in 2019, the project \emph{"sprouts from the need to
- occupy the
- virtual territory with feminist narratives. During circular meetings
- allied to basic technology tutorials we began to weave collective
- knowledge through the creation of common ground. Knowledge is never
- generic, it only ever exists applied to territory and context. This
- understanding is very important to help us generate and manage our
- autonomous network in the best way. Beyond the virtual connection,
- we seek to keep women connected to each other, learn more about the
- territory we inhabit and manifest technology as a practice."}\footnote{\url{https://portalsemporteiras.github.io/en/nos-por-nos}}
+ occupy the virtual territory with feminist narratives. During
+ circular meetings allied to basic technology tutorials we began to
+ weave collective knowledge through the creation of common
+ ground. Knowledge is never generic, it only ever exists applied to
+ territory and context. This understanding is very important to help
+ us generate and manage our autonomous network in the best
+ way. Beyond the virtual connection, we seek to keep women connected
+ to each other, learn more about the territory we inhabit and
+ manifest technology as a
+ practice."}\footnote{\url{https://portalsemporteiras.github.io/en/nos-por-nos}}
During the first year, the community organised women circles of
relating, learning and tutoring together (see examples in figures
@@ -610,7 +520,7 @@ The \emph{Nodes that bond} project is a rural women community project in
\begin{figure}
\centering
- \includegraphics[width=0.78\linewidth]{images/tutoring-nos-por-nos}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.70\linewidth]{images/tutoring-nos-por-nos}
\caption{Extract from the Nós por Nós workbook: tutoring on sensors of
smartphones}
\label{fig:tutoring}
@@ -618,7 +528,7 @@ The \emph{Nodes that bond} project is a rural women community project in
\begin{figure}
\centering
- \includegraphics[width=0.78\textwidth]{images/crack-nos-por-nos}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.70\textwidth]{images/crack-nos-por-nos}
\caption{Extract from the Nós por Nós workbook: class on computer
components}
\label{fig:crack}
@@ -694,272 +604,6 @@ appreciate external feedback on the choices of my three study objects.
Last but not least, I very much welcome any feedback, warning and
advise on conducting a PhD thesis.
-%%%%%
-%% \section{Observations : Comment nos technologies numériques portent
-%% en eux l'obsolescence}
-
-%% ICT is historically and by design, closely related with
-%% obsolescence. Innovation, novelty, disruption are shaping
-%% values in the history of digital technologies. We have been told and
-%% taught in IT schools that digital growth is
-%% linear or exponential, that we will always get increased speed and
-%% greater capabilities for the same cost, and that this is a law,
-%% Moore's law. Novel devices, disruptive technologies, high
-%% technology (also called advanced technology, or technology at the
-%% cutting edge), have been drawn up as symbols of progess, the notion of
-%% progress being set up itself as an inevitable phenomenon that is
-%% self-evident, in the same way as the passage of time.
-
-%% Indeed, \cite{Clayton Christensen}
-%% % https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Christensen
-%% defines high technology, as either the most complex or the newest
-%% technology on the market. High technology
-%% defines pattern attributions (citer les lois EU et States qui
-%% définissent la brevetabilité par rapport à ça). High technology is
-%% also an important notion in law (protection du consommateur,
-%% développer).
-%% In the scientific economic litterature, high technology was called
-%% disruptive technology by \cite{Zeleny} who therizes it and
-%% states that ``in the long run, high (disruptive) technology bypasses,
-%% upgrades, or replaces the outdated support network.'' Zeleny goes even
-%% further, by considering the established technology support networks as
-%% barriers to innovation; and high technology, as desirable disruptive
-%% technology capable of outdating the support network, the old
-%% infrastructure and establishing itself opening the path to a whole new
-%% support network to be implemented.
-
-%% These notions, that have shaped our digital modern life, hold
-%% obsolescence, by design. By definition, innovation is temporary, and
-%% novelty is an ephemeral quality. Innovation holds both the ambiguity
-%% of novelty, and that of obsolescence at the same time says Guien in
-%% her PhD thesis \cite{guien_these}. Moore's law is not a law in the
-%% mathematical sense, nor is it in a legal sense. Disruptive technology
-%% by definition creates obsolescence by outdating existing one and its
-%% infrastructure support. And by becoming the new standard it takes the
-%% path of obsolescence itself in an infinite loop of innovation,
-%% disruption and outdating which is clearly an infinite circular
-%% obsolescence path.
-
-%% Another aspect of innovation, is that is always has to start over
-%% again. %todo développer
-
-%%% old version of studu framework
-%% This last point presents a paradox in our opinion: in a world where
-%% human's environmental footprint has become an urgent climatic problem to
-%% manage, with an important and proven impact of the digital sector, we
-%% note however that digital services and tools take an increasingly
-%% important place in our daily uses (smart-phones, computers,
-%% teleworking, connected objects), in our cities (smart-citys and
-%% connected territories). But also digital technology is systematically
-%% presented as one of the first means to implement to manage complex
-%% problems (in each institution, public service or company a solution
-%% based on big data, AI or other algorithm is now presented to us as a
-%% priority). In an increasingly digitalized world, how will we be able
-%% to change our uses, reduce the material and immaterial impact of this
-%% digital technology, but also manage the legacy of these
-%% infrastructures, industries and wastes that cannot change, evolve or
-%% disappear overnight? How are we going to manage the obsolescence of a
-%% digital technology implemented in every corner of our living
-%% environment without creating new obsolete technology, but by breaking
-%% the obsolescence cycle?
-
-%% It is in this framework of reflection that this thesis project will
-%% try to fit. We will aim at understanding, analyzing and dissecting
-%% some of the mechanisms at stake in software obsolescence, software
-%% being the algorithmic base of our digital tools, and the impact of
-%% this algorithmic obsolescence on the general obsolescence (material,
-%% industrial, infra-structural, social, human) of these digital tools.
-
-%% To circumscribe the work, we think it would be relevant to focus on
-%% the following two use cases: smart-phones and online digital services.
-%%
-%% \subsection{Smartphone operational systems and applications}
-
-%% Smartphones have become one of the most preponderant objects in our
-%% digital usage. During this study we will focus on the two dominant
-%% software ecosystems of smartphones: Google Android, composed of the
-%% Android operating system and applications from the Google Play Store,
-%% and Apple iOS (system and applications). We may have to look at some
-%% applications in particular, to reflect more precisely some
-%% preponderant uses (messaging applications, social networking
-%% applications, games ...).
-
-%% Unlike the personal computer that dominated digital uses before their
-%% arrival, smart-phones present a rapid hardware and software
-%% development that has left no room for standardization and
-%% normalization of practices between manufacturers, designers and
-%% developers. The world of smartphones consequently presents a strong
-%% technical obsolescence, and an imbrication of the software
-%% obsolescence with the hardware one, which is important and
-%% enlightening to study in the framework of this thesis.
-
-%% Moreover, the object of the smartphone and its uses over time present
-%% a strong implication of technical, social, economic and political
-%% factors (such as marketing, advertising, changes in signal
-%% transmission technologies, the rapid evolution of the economic offer,
-%% social pressures linked to the uses of the object), which influence
-%% its uses and its obsolescence
-
-%% \subsection{Online digital application services}
-
-%% Online digital application services, also called "in the cloud", have
-%% invaded our daily personal and professional uses during the last 10
-%% years, and in particular in these last years of Covid
-%% pandemic. Telecommuting, online office and entertainment services
-%% (Google drive and similar, Youtube, Netflix), social networks,
-%% connected objects (including smart-phones, but also home automation
-%% objects), public services more and more dematerialized, all are
-%% becoming ubiquitous in our daily uses.
-
-%% The same is true in our cities and living areas, where we are seeing
-%% an increasing number of smart-city and connected territory projects,
-%% connected seaports, connected buildings, filled with sensors, video
-%% surveillance systems, biometric algorithms (object recognition,
-%% (recognition of objects, cars, human behavior), intelligent sensors
-%% for managing public spaces (garbage cans, streetlights, connected
-%% parking lots), intelligent counting systems (pedestrian flows, cyclist
-%% flows, air quality sensors, weather sensors).
-
-%% These services, which have this common feature of being "in the cloud"
-%% and need to be connected to the Internet to function, have another
-%% common feature: they all produce what we will call mass data
-%% obsolescence. Streaming services offer us video or audio streams that
-%% are downloaded locally from a server, to be consumed and discarded
-%% immediately. Video surveillance networks produce video streams that
-%% are recorded continuously and of which only a small part are or will
-%% be used for police purposes, they will mostly be unconsumed and
-%% destroyed within a legal timeframe of a few days or weeks (in France
-%% it is maximum one month). All social networks and their continuous
-%% data flow are not intended to produce durable data, their effective
-%% life span must be counted in hours. The data produced by smart-city
-%% systems (sensors, metrics) are permanently captured, for a much rarer
-%% and debatable effective use, and are only used in the long term for
-%% statistics from time to time, or to feed new algorithms based on
-%% artificial intelligence, needing a lot of data, algorithms that will
-%% be proposed again for use in public or private space, and will in turn
-%% generate a new form of obsolescence.
-
-%% The particularity of these services is therefore the continuous
-%% production of data that they generate, and the ephemeral quality,
-%% almost disposable in the short term, of these data. These services all
-%% have a physical reality: they need an infrastructure to exist,
-%% datacenters for the servers that will offer them, cable networks and
-%% antennas to carry the information and data collected, and the final
-%% form, the terminals, which capture or return the data (cameras,
-%% smart-phones, connected street lamps, augmented garbage cans
-%% etc.). All these material objects are subject to obsolescence in their
-%% turn. And once again, the interweaving of software obsolescence, that
-%% of the algorithms under the hood of these objects and services, and
-%% hardware obsolescence, seems to us to be closely linked here.
-
-%% There is another case that seems interesting to study, but that it
-%% would surely be too ambitious to study in the framework of this
-%% thesis. It is the case of video games, on personal computers, on
-%% smart-phones or via consoles, online or offline. We think that this
-%% use of digital technology, which is becoming more and more important,
-%% with very high rates of hardware and software renewal, can be
-%% enlightening from the point of view of the interaction between
-%% software obsolescence and hardware obsolescence.
-
-%% \section{A historical study of software obsolescence}
-
-%% In the first part of the thesis, we want to look at the parallel
-%% history of computing and software obsolescence. We want to start this
-%% study from the birth of computing, from the theories that allowed the
-%% development of the first machines (Turing machine) and the first
-%% theoretical software (Lovelace-Babbage's analytical machine), through
-%% the birth of the first physical computers in the form of calculators,
-%% and then through the birth of the personal computer, which marked the
-%% beginning of the democratization of digital technology, accompanied by
-%% the birth of the first operating systems and software. Then, with the
-%% arrival of the Internet, we wish to study the birth of the current
-%% digital infrastructures (datacenters, cable networks, antennas,
-%% satellites) constituting a new use of the digital today, the online
-%% one, the one that inserts itself in each object and usual corner of
-%% our environment, which makes it much less visible, and yet omnipresent.
-
-%% This dive into the history of computing and the software that
-%% accompanies it, will be done under the prism of software obsolescence,
-%% and hardware when the two seem closely linked. In the manner of Jeanne
-%% Guien and her works around obsolescence in general, and obsolescence
-%% linked to the smart-phone in particular (see her thesis
-%% \cite{jeanne_guien_obsolescences_nodate} or the book from her thesis
-%% \cite{jeanne_guien_consumerisme_2021}, and her article on the
-%% heuristic of failure \cite{guien_heuristique_2019-1}), we will try to
-%% see the influence of economic, social and political factors on
-%% software obsolescence. In particular the place of advertising and
-%% marketing, of growth policies without consideration of natural limits,
-%% of the development of cognitive algorithms and commercial practices
-%% influencing our social behaviors and unconscious uses, of the
-%% preponderant place of technological solutionism in societal problems,
-%% until the arrival of the works highlighting the negative impact of
-%% digital technology in the current ecological crisis.
-
-
-%% \section{Quantitative and qualitative study of smartphone usage}
-
-%% The quantitative usage study will be based on both Google Android and
-%% Apple iOS ecosystems. It will use data from the two respective
-%% application stores. We may have to look at other indicative data, like
-%% the article \cite{tamar_makov_is_2021} which also scans the statistics
-%% of known smartphone repair sites (iFixIt in this case).
-
-%% The quantitative study will be done through participative workshops,
-%% questionnaires and case studies of uses in families or in
-%% companies. We will try to understand the mechanisms of digital usage,
-%% and in particular of services or software, which lead to a material
-%% renewal, to a feeling of obsolescence, induced or forced, or to a
-%% change of behavior or perception towards the considered tool.
-
-%% We would like to carry out this same study on alternative practices
-%% that aim directly or indirectly at reducing this software
-%% obsolescence. We are thinking in particular of the communities of free
-%% smartphone systems: LineageOs, MicroG, /e/solutions, the free
-%% application store F-Droid, alternative decentralized and peer-to-peer
-%% online digital services such as Mastodon, Peertube, the peer-to-peer
-%% protocol IPFS, the decentralized and federated protocol
-%% ActivityPub. By investigating both the designers and users of these
-%% alternative systems, we hope to see why and how these practices aim to
-%% escape the dominant system, and how they attempt to minimize or solve
-%% the problem of software and digital obsolescence. We hope to draw from
-%% this study a panorama of these attempts and uses at the level of
-%% obsolescence precisely (in the line of the article
-%% \cite{valk_pluriverse_2021} by Maroes de Valk which looks at
-%% alternative practices of a digital that takes into account the limits,
-%% or \cite{laurence_allard_ecologies_2022} which looks at the study
-%% of self-managed citizen networks of wifi Mesh in Detroit (chapter
-%% 7)).
-
-%% These alternative solutions range from minimizing the effects leading
-%% to obsolescence, to repairing the damage caused by it, but also to the
-%% total escape or the fight in different forms against it. We believe
-%% that these alternative uses, in addition to the dominant uses studied,
-%% can shed light on some of the technical, social and political levers
-%% at play in the currently possible solutions towards a less obsolete
-%% digital world, or a world with less digital impact.
-
-%% \section{The legacy of digital obsolescence}
-%% Finally, we would like to keep in mind the cultural and material
-%% heritage of the digital world throughout this study. For in any case,
-%% from the perspective of reducing our ecological digital impact, or
-%% from the much more pessimistic perspective of a digital world that
-%% continues to spread without significant limits, we will continue to
-%% have to manage waste, obsolete infrastructures, industries,
-%% territories and workers undergoing ecological, cultural, social and
-%% economic change. This legacy, which the authors call "negative
-%% commons" in the book "Héritage et fermeture: une écologie du
-%% démantèlement" (Héritage and closure: an ecology of dismantling)
-%% (\cite{emmanuel_bonnet_heritage_2021}), is something we must learn
-%% to identify, analyze and manage collectively as we make future changes
-%% in a world in the midst of an ecological crisis.
-
-
-%%
-%% Define the bibliography file to be used
-
\bibliography{obs-en}
\end{document}
-
-%%
-%% End of file